Nerve Injuries
What are nerves?
Nerves are the “telephone wiring” system that carries
messages from the brain to the rest of the body. A nerve is like a
telephone cable wrapped in insulation. An outer layer of tissue forms a
cover to protect the nerve, just like the insulation surrounding a
telephone cable (see Figure 1). A nerve contains millions of individual
fibers grouped in bundles within the “insulated cable.”
Nerves serve as the “wires” of the body that carry
information to and from the brain. Motor nerves carry messages from the
brain to muscles to make the body move. Sensory nerves carry messages to
the brain from different parts of the body to signal pain, pressure, and
temperature. While the individual axon (nerve fiber) carries only one
type of message, either motor or sensory, most nerves in the body are
made up of both.
What happens when a nerve is injured?
Nerves are fragile and can be damaged by pressure, stretching, or
cutting. Pressure or stretching injuries can cause the fibers carrying
the information to break and stop the nerve from working, without
disrupting the insulating cover. When a nerve is cut, both the nerve and
the insulation are broken. Injury to a nerve can stop the transmission
of signals to and from the brain, preventing muscles from working and
causing loss of feeling in the area supplied by that nerve.
When nerve fibers are broken, the end of the fiber farthest from the
brain dies, while the insulation stays intact, leaving empty tubes which
used to carry the nerve fibers. The end that is closest to the brain
does not die, and after some time may begin to heal. If the insulation
was not cut, the nerve fibers may grow down the empty tubes until
reaching a muscle or sensory receptor. If both the nerve and insulation
have been cut and the nerve is not fixed, the growing nerve fibers may
grow into a ball at the end of the cut, forming a nerve scar called a
‘neuroma’. A neuroma can be painful and cause an electrical
feeling when touched.
How is it treated?
To fix a cut nerve, the insulation around both ends of the nerve is
sewn together. A nerve in a finger is only as thick as a piece of thin
spaghetti, so the stitches have to be very tiny and thin. The repair may
need to be protected with a splint for the first 3 weeks to protect it
from stretching apart since it is so delicate. The goal in fixing the
nerve is to repair the outer cover so that nerve fibers can grow down
the empty tubes to the muscles and sensory receptors and work again (see
Figure 2). The surgeon tries to line up the ends of the nerve repair so
that the fibers and empty tubes match up with each other as best as
possible, but with millions of fibers in the nerve, not all of the
original connections are likely to be re-established. If a wound is
dirty or crushed, your physician may wait to fix the nerve until the
skin has healed. If there is a gap between the ends of the nerve, the
doctor may need to take a piece of nerve (nerve graft) from another part
of the body to fix the injured nerve. This may cause permanent loss of
feeling in the area where the nerve graft was taken. Smaller gaps can
sometimes be bridged with “conduits” made from a vein or
special cylinder.
Once the nerve cover is fixed, the nerve fibers generally begin to
start growing across the repair site after three or four weeks. The
nerve fibers then usually grow down the empty nerve tubes up to one inch
every month, depending on the patient’s age and other factors.
This means that with an injury to a nerve in the arm 11 or 12 inches
above the fingertips, it may take as long as a year before feeling
returns to the fingertips. The feeling of pins and needles in the
fingertips is common during the recovery process. While this can be
uncomfortable, it usually passes and is a sign of recovery.
What is my role in recovery and what kind of results can I
expect?
The patient should be aware of several things while waiting for the
nerve to heal. Your doctor may recommend therapy to keep joints
flexible. If the joints become stiff, they will not work even after
muscles begin to work again. When a sensory nerve has been injured, the
patient must be extra careful not to burn or cut their fingers since
there is no feeling in the affected area. After the nerve has recovered,
the brain gets “lazy,” and a procedure called sensory
re-education may be needed to improve feeling to the hand or finger.
Your doctor will recommend the appropriate therapy based on the nature
of your injury.
Factors that may affect results after nerve repair include age, the
type of wound and nerve, and location of the injury. While nerve
injuries may create lasting problems for the patient, care by a
physician and proper therapy help return to more normal use.
Figure 1: Nerve with bundles of individual nerve fibers and
surrounding outer sheath (“insulation”)
Figure 2: Nerve repair with realignment of
bundles
© 2006 American Society for Surgery of the Hand
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